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During the last decades, harmful algal blooms (HABs) of dinoflagellates of the
genus Karlodinium, through their toxicity to marine fauna (ichthyotoxicity), were reported to
be a threat to aquaculture in several region in the world (Europe, USA, Australia…). However,
in France, despite the socio-economic importance of shellfish farming, the toxicity of French
Karlodinium strains to shellfish remains unknown and needs to be expounded.
This study aimed at assessing the ichthyotoxic potential of French strains of Karlodinium
veneficum, K. armiger, K. ballantinum and K. gentienii in comparison with Karlodinium strains
from other regions worldwide, which produce toxins and were involved in mortality events. In
vitro bioassays were used, targeting hemocytes and gametes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea
gigas. These free cells, convenient to sample, are involved in important physiological functions,
including immunity and reproduction, respectively, making them interesting target cell models
to be used as indicator of toxicity to bivalves. Oyster hemocytes were exposed for two hours to
concentrations ranging from 10^2 to 10^5 cells mL-1 of twelve strains of cultured Karlodinium
spp.. Hemocyte viability was then measured by flow cytometry. Gametes (spermatozoa and
oocytes) were exposed to eight strains of Karlodinium spp. at a concentration of 105 cells mL-1
for two hours, before viability, morphological changes, and ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)
production were assessed by flow cytometry.
Results indicated that, at a concentration of 10^5 cells mL-1, the French strains of K. veneficum
(DIA2C2, IFR-CC20-044 and MAR1F7) were more cytotoxic than strains from other countries
known to be ichthyotoxic, with a dose-response effect and a high intraspecific variability. In
particular, some K. veneficum strains, such as CBC7 and CB3B7, were non-cytotoxic, whereas
DIA2C2, IFR-CC20-044 and MAR1F7 induced twice to 12 times higher mortality of
hemocytes compared to control. French strains of K. ballantinum (KBAL DIA2 B2) and K.
armiger (KAR-01D) were cytotoxic at lower concentrations, 10^4 and 10^3 cells mL-1
respectively. In gametes, the three strains of K. veneficum DIA2C2, IFR-CC20-044 and
MAR1F7 caused a very high mortality rate in spermatozoa (88.26%, 99.87% and 99.2%
respectivel and a milder mortality rate in oocytes (25.1%, 33.2%, and 27.8% respectively). The
K. ballantinum strain also induced a high mortality in spermatozoa (98.76%) although it did not
affect oocytes, suggesting the mechanism of toxicity is different from K. veneficum.
This study highlights a cytotoxic effect of French Karlodinium spp. to Pacific oyster, which
could particularly affect reproductive success. These results provide new findings on factors
that can affect shellfish farming in France. Experiments at bloom realistic concentrations must
be conducted to confirm the effects on reproduction, and in vivo experiments could be carried
out to identify other effects on oyster physiology. These results will contribute to improve
monitoring of ichthyotoxic microalgae in France, for a better risk management in the shellfish
farming industry.

toxic microalgae, ichthyotoxicity, Harmful Algal Blooms, hemocytes, bivalve, Karlodinium, gamete --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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In this book, leading scholars investigate the difficult ethical, legal, and policy issues that surround egg donation and the new reproductive technologies as a whole. Of special interest are feminist inquiries into perceptions of women involved in egg donation; the effects of race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status on the uses of such technologies; and moral and theological questions about whether third-party gamete donation should be used at all. In addition, the book describes procedures at four egg-donation centers in the United States, including private for-profit and university-based non-profit programs, and presents a new set of guidelines from the National Advisory Board on Ethics in Reproduction (NABER), a panel in the private sector with members from the fields of ethics, theology, law, medicine, genetics, and public policy.

eiceldonatie (eicel) --- ethiek (ethische aspecten) --- don d'ovules (don d'ovocytes, ovule, ovocyte) --- ethique (aspects ethiques) --- Human reproductive technology --- Ovum --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Transplantation --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Ovum - Transplantation - Moral and ethical aspects. --- Egg (Cytology) --- Egg cell --- Female gamete --- Oocyte --- Ovocyte --- Secondary oocyte --- Gametes --- Transplantation&delete&

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The enormous amount of data now available about the pollen tube clearly reflects its qualities as a biological model that go much beyond that of a carrier of sperm cells essential for plant reproduction. The diversity of techniques and methodologies currently used to study pollen and pollen tube growth is reflected in this book written by biochemists, cell biologists, molecular biologists and geneticists. Their different perspectives demonstrate that pollen tubes are excellent models for plant cell research, particularly suitable for investigations on cell tip growth and polarization, signal transduction, channel and ion flux activity, gene expression, cytoskeleton and wall structure, membrane dynamics and even cell–cell communication.

Pollen tube --- Growth. --- Molecular aspects. --- Life sciences. --- Cytology. --- Botany. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Pollen Tube --- Pollen --- Germ Cells, Plant --- Flowers --- Flowering Tops --- Plant Components, Aerial --- Plant Structures --- Anatomy --- Plant Anatomy --- Plant Physiology --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Growth --- Molecular aspects --- Anatomies --- Plant Components --- Component, Plant --- Components, Plant --- Plant Component --- Plant Structure --- Structure, Plant --- Structures, Plant --- Anther, Plant --- Carpal, Plant --- Carpals, Plant --- Filament, Flower --- Flower Filament --- Ovary, Plant --- Petals, Plant --- Plant Anther --- Plant Calyx --- Plant Carpals --- Plant Corolla --- Plant Ovary --- Plant Petals --- Plant Sepals --- Plant Stamen --- Plant Stigma --- Sepals, Plant --- Stamen, Plant --- Stigma, Plant --- Style, Plant --- Blooms, Plant --- Blossoms --- Pistil --- Plant Style --- Anthers, Plant --- Bloom, Plant --- Blossom --- Calyx, Plant --- Calyxs, Plant --- Corolla, Plant --- Corollas, Plant --- Filaments, Flower --- Flower --- Flower Filaments --- Ovaries, Plant --- Petal, Plant --- Pistils --- Plant Anthers --- Plant Bloom --- Plant Blooms --- Plant Calyxs --- Plant Carpal --- Plant Corollas --- Plant Ovaries --- Plant Petal --- Plant Sepal --- Plant Stamens --- Plant Stigmas --- Plant Styles --- Sepal, Plant --- Stamens, Plant --- Stigmas, Plant --- Styles, Plant --- Male Gametes, Plant --- Male Gametophytes --- Microspores, Plant --- Plant Microspores --- Pollen Grains --- Gamete, Plant Male --- Gametes, Plant Male --- Gametophyte, Male --- Gametophytes, Male --- Grain, Pollen --- Grains, Pollen --- Male Gamete, Plant --- Male Gametophyte --- Microspore, Plant --- Plant Male Gamete --- Plant Male Gametes --- Plant Microspore --- Pollen Grain --- Plants --- Plant structure --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Physiology --- Structure --- Aerial Parts, Plant --- Aerial Plant Components --- Aerial Part, Plant --- Aerial Plant Component --- Component, Aerial Plant --- Components, Aerial Plant --- Part, Plant Aerial --- Parts, Plant Aerial --- Plant Aerial Part --- Plant Aerial Parts --- Plant Component, Aerial --- Flowering Top --- Top, Flowering --- Tops, Flowering --- Gametophytes --- Generative Cells, Plant --- Plant Gametes --- Plant Germ Cells --- Gametes, Plant --- Cell, Plant Generative --- Cell, Plant Germ --- Cells, Plant Generative --- Cells, Plant Germ --- Gamete, Plant --- Gametophyte --- Generative Cell, Plant --- Germ Cell, Plant --- Plant Gamete --- Plant Generative Cell --- Plant Generative Cells --- Plant Germ Cell --- Pollen Tubes --- Tube, Pollen --- Tubes, Pollen --- Cell biology. --- Plant science. --- Plant development. --- Biology --- Natural history --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Ontogeny --- Floristic botany

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This book combines the most recent knowledge on the maternal, i.e. oocyte/egg-specific, molecules and processes. The volume covers the most recent advances in a plethora of subjects such as: maternal transfer of immunity, localized RNAs functions and mechanisms of RNA localization, transcriptional repression of maternal messages, maternal inheritance and maternal role of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modifications, maternal function of nucleosomes, maternal mitochondria and energy supply, role of bacterial symbionts and their maternal transmission, acquisition of oocyte polarity and evolution of maternal effect genes, germ plasm and oosome origin and functions, mechanisms of oocyte activation and soma germ cells communication.  Currently, no other book on the market combines such a comprehensive list of subjects in one volume. Moreover, the information provided is a cross-section through oocytes from various invertebrate a nd vertebrate species, which is another unique feature of this book. The readers, therefore, get a completely new and invaluable perspective on all covered subjects. .

Ovum. --- Egg (Cytology) --- Egg cell --- Female gamete --- Oocyte --- Ovocyte --- Secondary oocyte --- Life sciences. --- Gene expression. --- Reproductive medicine. --- Cell cycle. --- Cell physiology. --- Embryology. --- Life Sciences. --- Gene Expression. --- Cell Cycle Analysis. --- Cell Physiology. --- Reproductive Medicine. --- Gametes --- Human reproduction --- Human reproductive health --- Human reproductive medicine --- Reproductive medicine --- Health --- Cell function --- Cytology --- Physiology --- Mitotic cycle --- Nuclear cycle (Cytology) --- Biological rhythms --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Animal embryology --- Animals --- Development, Embryological --- Development, Embryonic --- Development, Zygotic --- Embryogenesis --- Embryogeny --- Embryological development --- Embryonic development --- Zoology --- Zygote development --- Zygotes --- Zygotic development --- Zygotic embryogenesis --- Developmental biology --- Morphology (Animals) --- Embryos --- Reproduction --- Health aspects --- Expression --- Embryology --- Development --- Molecular genetics. --- Cytology. --- Reproductive health. --- Molecular Genetics. --- Cytological Techniques. --- Cell Biology. --- Technique. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Genetics --- Molecular biology

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MEDICAL / Gynecology & Obstetrics. --- Medical / Gynecology & Obstetrics. --- Ovum --- Fertility, Human --- Human reproductive technology --- Infertility --- Medical tourism --- Oocyte Donation --- Oocytes --- Biological Specimen Banks --- Fertilization in Vitro --- Medical Tourism --- Health Tourism --- Medical Tourists --- Surgical Tourism --- Medical Tourist --- Tourism, Health --- Tourism, Medical --- Tourism, Surgical --- Tourist, Medical --- Tourists, Medical --- Bank, Biological Specimen --- Bank, Biological Substance --- Banks, Biological Specimen --- Banks, Biological Substance --- Biological Specimen Bank --- Biological Substance Bank --- Specimen Bank, Biological --- Specimen Banks, Biological --- Substance Bank, Biological --- Substance Banks, Biological --- Biological Substance Banks --- Ovocytes --- Oocyte --- Ovocyte --- In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques --- Health tourism --- Tourism --- Involuntary childlessness --- Sterility --- Sterility in humans --- Childlessness --- Generative organs --- Sterilization (Birth control) --- Assisted human reproduction --- Assisted conception --- Conception --- Human assisted reproduction --- Human reproduction --- Medical technology --- Reproductive technology --- Human fertility --- Natality --- Demography --- Egg (Cytology) --- Egg cell --- Female gamete --- Secondary oocyte --- Gametes --- Social aspects --- Economic aspects --- Treatment&delete& --- economics --- Diseases --- Technological innovations --- Assisted human reproductive technology --- Human assisted reproductive technology --- Treatment